When two people in America need to make a boolean decision and a coin isn’t available, the go-to method of problem resolution is Rock, Paper, Scissors.
Generally people feel this game is fair, meaning there’s an equal likelihood of each participant winning, losing, or tying. And of course if you’re an academic who believes Big-Oh embodies everything you need to know about algorithms, you might leave it at that.
But we real geeks can never leave things at that. And I don’t (just) mean playing Bear, Ninja, Cowboy:
Cowboy beats bear, bear beats ninja, ninja beats cowboy. The theory behind this is that cowboys can shoot bears but are not fast enough to prevent a ninja from assassinating them, but a bear’s acute sense of smell prevents the ninja from gaining the element of surprise, thus allowing the bear to maul him. —Wikipedia
So….
The UK-based Telegraph tells us there’s a strategy that wins more often than 1/3 of the time:
Research [from the New Scientist] shows that stone, also called rock, is the most popular of the three possible moves in the game.
That means that your opponent is likely to choose paper, because they will expect to you to start the game with stone.
By going with scissors, you achieve an early victory.
But hold on. If rock is the most popular move, going with scissors means you would be defeated. But here it says you’ll win. Which is it?
It depends on what your opponent knows. Let’s first assume that neither player knows anything about the statistics or analysis of RPS. (Yeah, RPS is not only an accepted acronym, there are even RPS tournaments. Wowzies.) A and B are innocent players, but we want to give A an advantage.
The new study says that, unbeknownst to the players, rock is the most popular move. That means ignorant B will throw more rock than average, so A can win by throwing more paper against it. So we should whisper into A’s ear that he should throw more paper.
But what if B has read about this study? His “beknownst” state has flipped to true. Then we expect B to favor paper, so in this case we instruct A to favor scissors.
Ah but it gets worse, as it often does with these things. What if B knows that A knows that B read the study? Then B will figure out that A will favor scissors, and will start favoring rock again. Double-fake!
But you see what’s coming next. If A knows all of this, A can double-fake too. And so on.
So where does all this leave us? That, at least in regard to this study, he with the most information wins. There’s probably a life lesson in there somewhere.
Another life lesson is to always keep digging. Like, this isn’t close to over. One strategy is to call out what you’re going to throw, and then actually throw it. The theory is that the other person generally won’t believe you. Why is this an advantage? Let’s take a concrete example.
A says, “I’m going to throw rock.” Let’s go with the theory that B doesn’t believe it. So B thinks A will throw paper or scissors. If B throws rock, he figures 50% chance to win, 50% chance to lose. If B throws paper, it’s 50% to tie, 50% to lose, so that’s no good. If B throws scissors, it’s 50% to win, 50% to tie. Add it up: B’s best move (under his assumption) is scissors, and second-best is rock.
Since A will actually throw rock according to this strategy, and we figure B will throw rock or scissors, A will either tie or win. Awesome!
Until B knows that strategy, of course…
Fortunately a new infographic from the World RPS Society (oh sweet lord, really? The whole world?) helps us with even more strategems (click for full-size):
Are you still waiting for some advice about startups? Sheesh… OK:
This is like trying to second-guess what your competitors think, what they know, what they think they know, whether they’ll react to your knowledge of that guess, etc..
In the end, screw it, just build the best company you can, for you. You’re wrong about most of what you think about those competitors anyway — both the good and bad — so focus inward, and build something you’re proud of.
20 responses to “But I know that he knows that I know”
You’re nailing with these funny thought provoking posts! Thank you so much!
Thanks so much!
One is also reminded of the epic duel of wits in The Princess Bride over iocane powder. Good anecdote to make your point.
Oh, touche, one of the best scenes in the history of film (if like me you grew up in the 80s)
This very strategy cleaned up at the first tournament for computer played RPS. Just like people, past performance is a great indicator of future behaviour. http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~darse/rsb-results1.html
You beat me to it! But at least I have the video.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_eZmEiyTo0
I always throw rocks, knocking my opponents out cold. :)
Thanks for the thoughtful and fun post Jason.
The “Double on the Rocks” counter is wrong. You should counter with Scissors, not Rock: 0.5/0.0/0.5 vs 0.5/0.5/0.0 (W/L/D).
So, maybe the real lesson is to misdirect your competition by publishing a blog with bad advice. That means the real lesson is don’t believe anything you read on the Internet. Wait… I’m leveling myself here. Back to work…
Ow ow ow ow.
This concept is known as “Yomi”, and once you get to layer 3 you end up just circling back on yourself :)
http://www.sirlin.net/articles/yomi-layer-3-knowing-the-mind-of-the-opponent.html
Great read Jason, thanks.
I can’t wait until my 5-month-old is old enough to play. I’m going to OWN him! hah.
I like the strategy of calling out what you’re going to do. I had to really reach to find something “deep” in an RSP post, but here goes:
You can either be “stuck” playing with your 1/3 chance of winning, or you can do something different (like calling out your move) to change the field.
This is level-based thinking and used in game-theory for understanding a heads-up opponent’s strategy. Frequently used in poker.